Montreal Protocol

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Montreal Protocol is a global agreement made on substances that deplete the ozone layer to protect earth's ozone layer by removing the chemicals or hazardous gases which deplete it. It includes limiting both production and consumption of the substances which causes ozone layer depletion. This agreement was signed by 197 countries in 1987 and actually implemented in 1989.

Under the original agreement (1987), developed countries required to phasing out of the CFCs in 1993 and achieve a 20% reduction relative to 1986 consumption level by 1994 and 50% reduction by 1998 relative to 1986. For developing countries time period given for the reduction of CFCs is by 2010. Additionally developed countries required to reduce their production and consumption of halons relative to 1986. After the Montreal protocol signed new data showed the adverse effect on ozone layer.

The parties come together to do modification in the protocol to enable,after this modification the countries also required to reduce the production of new chemicals which causes ozone layer depletion. The Montreal protocol also included unique adjustment provision that enables the parties to the protocol to respond quickly to the new scientific information and agree to accelerate the reduction of chemicals. These adjustment then automatically applicable to all countries.

Because of the measure taken under the Montreal protocol the emissions are falling down and ozone layer will be fully healed in middle of 21st century .

Modification in the Montreal protocol :
  • London(1990)- Including CFCs , halons, carbon tetrachloride by 2000 in developed countries and by 2010 in developing countries , methyl chlorofor also added to the list to reduce emissions causes.
  • Copenhagen (1992)- Under this agreement, CFCs, halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform were targeted for complete phaseout in 1996 in developed countries. In addition, methyl bromide consumption of methyl bromide was perfect  at 1991 levels.
  • Montreal (1997)- included the phaseout of HCFCs in developing countries, as well as the phaseout of methyl bromide in developed and developing countries in 2005 and 2015, respectively.
  • Beijing (1999)- included tightened controls on the production and trade of HCFCs. Bromochloromethane was also added to the list of controlled substances with phaseout targeted for 2004.
  • Kigali (2016)-extended controls to phase-out the production and consumption of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) because these substances were adopted by industries in moving away from ozone-depleting substances and they are potent greenhouse gases damaging to the earth’s climate.
Scientific Assessment Panel :
  • TEAP- The Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP) provides technical information related to the alternative technologies that have been investigated and employed to make it possible to virtually eliminate use of Ozone Depleting Substances (such as CFCs and Halons), that harm the ozone layer.
  • SAP-The Scientific Assessment Panel (SAP) assesses the status of the depletion of the ozone layer and related atmospheric science issues.
  • EEAP- The Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) assesses the various effects of ozone layer depletion

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